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The Simla Accord, or the Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, () Simla,〔("Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)" ), Tibet Justice Center. Retrieved 20 March 2009〕 was a treaty concerning the status of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the Republic of China, Tibet and the United Kingdom in Simla in 1913 and 1914. The Accord provided that Tibet would be divided into "Outer Tibet" and "Inner Tibet". Outer Tibet, which roughly corresponded to Ü-Tsang and western Kham, would "remain in the hands of the Tibetan Government at Lhasa under Chinese suzerainty, but China would not interfere in its administration. "Inner Tibet", roughly, equivalent to Amdo and eastern Kham, would be under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government. The Accord with its annexes also defines the boundary between Tibet and China proper and between Tibet and British India (the latter became known as the McMahon Line).〔〔Sinha (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8)〕〔The map was finalised on 24/25 March 1914 by the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries. Indian sources currently claim that, on being informed of the line, the Chinese plenipotentiary did not express any disagreement.(Sinha, (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8)) (Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State'', 1989, p. 80. Quotes India Office records IOR/L/PS/10/344). 〕 China rejected the Accord and their plenipotentiary, Ivan Chen, withdrew on 3 July 1914. The British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries then attached a note denying China any privileges under the Accord and sealed it as a bilateral agreement the same day.〔This Accord was initialled and sealed by the British plenipotentiary, A. Henry McMahon, and sealed by the Tibetan plenipotentiary Lochen Shatra but not the Chinese plenipotentiary, Ivan Chen, as he had withdrawn from the Convention before the Accord was initialled and sealed.(("Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)" ), (Tibet Justice Center ). Retrieved 20 March 2009).〕〔Sinha (Calcutta 1974), pp. 5,12 (pdf pp. 1,8)〕 McMahon's work was initially rejected by the British government as incompatible with the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention. This convention was renounced in 1921. The British began using the McMahon Line on Survey of India maps in 1937, and the Simla Accord was published officially in 1938. ==Background== Early British efforts to create a boundary for north-east India were triggered by their discovery in the mid-19th century that Tawang, an important trading town, was Tibetan territory.〔Calvin, James Barnard, ("The China-India Border War" ), Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984〕 Britain had concluded treaties with Qing China concerning Tibet's boundaries with Burma〔(Convention Relating to Burmah and Tibet (1886) ), (Tibet Justice Center ). Retrieved 20 March 2009〕 and Sikkim.〔("Convention Between Great Britain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet (1890)" ), (Tibet Justice Center ). Retrieved 20 March 2009〕 However, Tibet refused to recognise the boundaries drawn by these treaties. British forces led by Sir Francis Younghusband entered Tibet in 1904 and made a treaty with the Tibetans.〔("Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet (1904)" ), (Tibet Justice Center ). Retrieved 20 March 2009〕 In 1907, Britain and Russia acknowledged Chinese "suzerainty" over Tibet.〔(Convention Between Great Britain and Russia (1907) ) Article II, (Tibet Justice Center ). Retrieved 20 March 2009〕 British interest in the borderlands was renewed when the Qing government sent military forces to establish a Chinese administration in Tibet (1910–12). A British military expedition was sent into what is now Arunachal Pradesh and the North-East Frontier Agency was created to administer the area (1912). In 1912–13, this agency reached agreements with the tribal leaders who ruled the bulk of the region.〔See ''North East Frontier of India'' (1910 & 1911 editions).〕 After the fall of the Qing dynasty in China, Tibet government at Lhasa expelled all Chinese forces and declared itself independent (1913),〔("Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIII (1913)" ), (Tibet Justice Center ). Retrieved 20 March 2009〕 however, this was not accepted by the newly founded Republic of China.〔Smith, Warren W., "''Tibetan Nation''", pp. 182–183〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Simla Accord (1914)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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